Kufale-based Chronology

Years Before Christ: The Rejected Annals of All Nations Synchronized with the Book of Jubilees and the Archaeological Record, by Ras Feqade 2012 AD

(For previous events, see A New History of Egypt (2008))

25th Century BC
In the year 2494 BC, or in the 1569th year of creation as the book of Kufale tells, the whole Earth was divided into three parts for Shem, Ham and Japheth, and into 16 subregions for their children. However, all three races were then still camped in the areas from Ararat to Shinar (Mesopotamia). In 2467 BC, Nimrod son of Kush, known to archaeology as Enmerkar, founded the city of Eridu (Babil) in Shinar, and he began compelling the construction of the ziggurat tower as head foreman, assisted by Joktan son of Eber for Shem’s offspring, and Samothes son of Rodis (Rodanim) for Japheth’s. About this same year, Magog son of Japheth migrated away from Shinar, to the far north of his allotted portion where he founded what is now the city of Turku, Finland. The following year, Peleg son of Eber married Lomna, and in 2461 BC they had their son Reu. Joktan smuggled out 12 men, including his sons Almodad, Sheba and Ophir, who would not build the tower, which annoyed Nimrod and Samothes. Meanwhile, Noah had been exploring the Mediterranean coasts of Europe by ship, and in 2447 BC planted a colony in what at now Genoa in Italy. By the next year, Nimrod had established three more settlements in Shinar: Uruk, Akkad and Haran. Uruk became his capital, as he claimed the title of ruler over all humanity. Haran was mostly settled by the family of Aram, son of Shem, while his brother Ashur had settlements at Ashur, Nineveh and Kish. The Sumerian king list affirms that Kish was founded by a certain ‘Gishur’.

In 2437 BC, Madai son of Japheth returned to the Ararat region from crossing the Black Sea, and declared that he would forsake his still empty inheritance in Europe in order to stay near the brothers of his wife, who was a daughter of Shem. He and his family settled in the valley of the Araxes, part of Ashur’s allotment. This resulted in a reapportionment of much of Europe; Samothes was granted the portions of Madai’s territory west of the Rhine river, while those parts east of the Rhine were put under the administration of Tuiscon - who may have been the same as Ashkenaz son of Gomer (as James Anderson asserted) if not his son. In addition, compensating Shem’s offspring for Madai’s new homeland, those areas of Europe south of the Danube river (apart from Italy), which had previously been part of the lands bequeathed to Tubal and Magog, were now reassigned to the families of Joktan and Meshech.

In 2424 BC, winds overturned the tower after 43 years of construction. In this same year, Sueno and Gethar, sons of Magog, first planted colonies in what is now Sweden. Many Hamites had been using dialects similar to the old Cainite language, Ancient Egyptian, as it was taught to them by their mother, Nahalath, who had been on the Ark. Shemites had tended to use something closer to old Sethite, or Ge’ez. Nimrod likely had Sumerian constructed as an artificial common language, but this only increased confusion in vocabulary. The tribe of Elam, who founded Susa in ca. 2421 BC, began devising their own glyphs and speech, and those in Hamazi, between Elam and Asshur, were speaking a number of dialects. Those of Akkad, Asshur (Shubur) east of the northern Tigris, and Canaan (Martu) west of the northern Euphrates continued to speak ‘Semitic’ dialects, as did Aram, and Arphaxad west of the southern Euphrates.

In 2417 BC, as the Hamites passed toward their allotment beyond the Nile river, Canaan refused to go farther and squatted with his family permanently in ‘Martu’ - the area of Syria west of the Euphrates and the Jordan valley, despite it being Arphaxad’s allotment by agreement. Petra was occupied by them from around this time, while the Arphaxadites expanded southward into Arabia. In this same year, Nimrod had a wall constructed separating Martu from his realms in Shinar and Akkad, where they were already encroaching, as recorded in a cuneiform tablet known as ‘Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird’.

In the confusion of vocabulary resulting from the proliferation of languages and dialects following the downfall of the tower at Eridu, all the tribes or peoples sought to define their own terms, and in several cases, scripts. Riphath son of Gomer travelled to Shinar in 2415 BC and after studying and comparing several of them, constructed yet another language, and the scripts adopted by many of the Japethites, then still largely concentrated in the Ararat region. This was the ancestor of all the so-called Indo-European languages. The following year, Nimrod forcefully asserted his authority over the neighboring region of Hamazi, but could not do so over Skythes, ruler of the Sakas of Aratta. Also in that year, Gomer son of Japheth arrived at Noah’s settlements in Italy and began to rule that colony, now known as Gomera, though technically within the allotment of Tubal. Tubal himself sailed to Italy in 2412 BC, and founded a settlement at Ravenna before continuing on to Spain (Tubalia) where he founded Tarragona, named for his son Tarraho, and many more cities during his long reign there. He left in Italy another son Subres, who additionally founded Milan. In that same year, Samothes settled colonies in his region west of the Rhine, known as Samothea, and around this time too the tribes of Javan began to settle in the Aegean islands.

In 2409 BC, the Hamites having reached the Nile, Misraim established himself in Egypt, with the throne name Wahkare or Wahkyanus, and began seeking to emulate the old kingdom monarchy from before the flood that had left behind abundant hieroglyphic records in Ancient Egyptian, along with the pyramids, Sphinx, etc, which texts were republished through the energies of his wife, Tethys. In 2406 BC, Saba settled in Yemen, Cush in Ethiopia with Kam as its first king, Put in Tritonia (now Tunisia), and Havilah son of Cush in Getulia (Algeria), while Japheth continued across the Atlantic to found Atelan. In this same year, Noah passed away.

24th Century BC
In 2399 BC, Nimrod surrounded the capital of Aratta with a large force attempting to force it to submit to him, but there were as yet no battles on Earth. In that same year, Tuiscon crossed the Don (Tina) river eastward with a large body of colonists, including the families of Joktan (or Ister) and Mesha, and he began apportioning the land into subkingdoms. First Sarmata received Sarmatia, between the Don and Vistula rivers. Beyond the Vistula, encountering Gethar’s tribe, Tuiscon made him tributary as well, and established Danus on the south side of the Baltic. Then striking south, he reached the Tisa, where he left Tibiscus in charge. South of the Danube, allotments were given for Meshech in Moesia, Ophir in Epirus, Jadera in Illyria, Dalmata (Almodad) in Dalmatia, Cainan and Salah in Pannonia, Ister and Eber in Noricum, now Austria and Bavaria, and Adulas east of the Inn river, before himself settling on east of the lower Rhine river, founding what is now Duisberg, Cologne, Bonn, and Doesburg in the Netherlands. Other settlements begun by the new colonists include Mesembria, now Nesebir Bulgaria; Jadera, now Zadar in Croatia; Sala, now Zalalovo Hungary, another Sala, now Maria Saal Austria; Ebersheim, now Stockerau near Vienna, Adlerburg, now Straubing and other places in Bavaria and Austria south of the Danube.

In the following year, Nimrod was killed while sieging Aratta, and was succeeded by his commander, Lugalbanda (spelled ‘Khalbator’ by Bar Konai, but omitted by many post-cuneiform chronographies), who brought Aratta into temporary subjection and returned to Uruk. He was soon succeeded in Uruk, after only six years, by Dumuzid in 2392 BC, who was despotic like his predecessors. By around this time Akshak, Adab and Umma had been founded in Sumer. In 2386 BC, the Sakas under king Skythes expanded from Aratta north and east of the Caspian and as far as Bactria (Baksish), now Afghanistan. At the same time Janus Barwain, the fourth son of Noah born after the flood, planted a colony in Hyrcania (now northern Iran), then founded the city of Awan in Elam, with help from Japhethite architects according to the account ascribed to Methodius. In 2384 BC, some of the tribe of Gomer also travelled eastward as far as the Ganges river, where they settled as far as the Yangtze river. In 2382 BC, Reu married Ura.

In 2381 BC Janus Barwain founded the country of Shennong far to the east, called Heliochora by that same author, teaching use of the hoe there among other things. Next to them a colony of Ashur was founded, known as Yoshong and led by Hwangdi. In 2379 BC, the Massagetae and Alans took up residence east of the Don river and also spread eastward. These were Shemites descended from Mash and Gether and their father Aram, sent there by Tuiscon, although there is some confusion of their names with both Meshech son of Japheth, and Gethar or Gauthos son of Magog. The Japhethite tribe of Meshech are probably the Balkan Mushki of Moesia, along with their subtribes of Brigi and Bithyni. Tuiscon also sent Rifath Scythes (Fenius) to the Urals. The Mushki also soon crossed the Atlantic and established colonies along the Cimarron and Merrimack rivers, in Atelan or Moshakia, while some Canaanites took possession of their inheritance south of the 36th parallel. Also in 2379 BC, Dumuzid of Uruk recognized the nations of Magog, Meshech, Madai and Asshur; and Lud founded Maeonia in his inheritance of Anatolia.

In 2376 BC, the city of Ur was founded by Ur son of Kesed of the tribe of Arphaxad, and Serug was born. In this same year, battles began to be fought on earth, beginning with Enmebaragesi of Kish, whose force defeated an Elamite army that had formed against him. However, the following year Dumuzid captured Enmebaragesi, who was then succeeded in Kish by Aga. In 2374 BC, Dumuzid, presiding in opulence over an impoverished nation, was toppled by a revolt in Sumer and pursued to Harran, where he was betrayed by Inanna, formerly queen to Scythes and then Nimrod. Bel Shamash, later known as Gilgamesh and Belus, became king of Uruk in 2367 BC. The notion of the Sumerian king list that his father was a ‘phantom’ refers to the party that overturned Dumuzid’s regime, who are also called ‘phantoms’ in the Sumerian Dumuzid literature. The text ascribed to Methodius also mentions a rebellion here in its sequence of events. In 2365 BC, Gomer returned from Scythia to his kingdom in Gomera, Italy, bringing with him the art of making chariots driven by horse, which also served as mobile homes. The city of Vetulonia was founded by him at this time.

In 2362 BC, Okus Weyus succeeded Gomer in Gomera. In 2361 BC, Hwangdi of Yoshong organized 20 officers under his command. In 2352 BC, Tiras son of Japheth, and Hamath and Arkad sons of Canaan migrated with colonies to the Balkans together, from their settlements in Martu. Tiras sailed from Tyre to Tyras at the mouth of the Dniester; Hamath from Hamat to Emathia, later Macedonia, and Arkad from Arqat to Arcadia, now the Peloponnese. In 2346, Kam left the throne of Kush to his son Kush, and went to Egypt. In 2342 BC Hwangdi annexed Shennong and founded the Hwashia nation, defeating Janus Barwain who withdrew to Awan in Elam. Kam assumed the throne in Egypt from his son Wahkyanus Misraim, taking the Egyptian throne name Kheti. Some of his words survive in the later ‘Teaching for Merykare’. Kam allied with Bel Shamash, which Janus protested in a letter to Bel, but Bel was killed later that same year in the campaign against Aratta, and his son Urnungal succeeded him in Uruk. In 2339 BC, Nenual succeeded Riphath in Northern Scythia.

In 2337 BC, Mesannepada of Ur, also known as Mesilim, seized control of most cities of Sumer from Urnungal, including Uruk, Nippur, Kish, Adab and Lagash. The city of Mari, Syria was built around this time. In 2323 BC, Hwangdi of Hwashia defeated Ganges at the battle of Zhuolu. Ganges was succeeded by Chiaktuk, who retired to Shinshi (now Korea) while another faction (Miao) remained south of the Yangtze under Tutan.Wahkyanus Misraim was reestablished in Egypt with the throne name Meribtawe Kheti as his father Kam left him the throne to go abroad. At the same time, Janus Barwain organized Saba, Havilah and Ophir into kingdoms, two in Yemen along with Obal and Abimael, and one on the Indus. These five sons of Joktan had decided not to settle in Europe with their brothers. In 2319 BC, Serug married Milcah, daughter of Madai, and their son Nahor was born in Ur.

In 2312 BC, Kam arrived in Gomera with a large force, took over the throne from Okus Weyus, and began to misrule Italy. Janus Barwain arrived that year from Saba to the colony of Tritonia, and Hammon succeeded to the throne there, with his wife Rhea as queen. By this time, Scythes had left the throne of Aratta, Scythia and Bactria to Sebtah son of Kush, who was also left Awan by Janus Barwain, and Mesannepada of Sumer and Chaldea made war on Sebtah. The Scythians at this time expanded their settlements as far as the Don river bordering Sarmatia.

In 2309 BC, Ubbo succeeded Sueno in Sweden; he built his capital at Gamla Uppsala. In 2306 BC, Mesannepada was succeeded in Ur by Meskiagnuna, also known as Ninus. The next year Gethar died, and the Goths in Sweden transferred from Tuiscon to Ubbo. In 2304 BC Hwangdi’s son Changyi left the Hwashya court in this year to settle on the Rwoshwey river to the north. In 2302 BC, Constitutional laws were established in Tubalia, Samothea and Tuiscones. In that year Sebtah seized Nippur, the capital and ‘holy city’ of Sumer, from Meskiagnuna of Ur, and claimed suzerainty for Awan; Lagash defeated Ur and Umma and became independent under Urnanshe.

23rd Century BC
In 2300 BC, Arkad was succeded in Arcadia by Europs. In 2296 BC, Janus Barwain went from Hammon to Tubalia; while there he founded Noela and Noegla on the Atlantic coast, after the name of Kam’s wife. It is even possible that he visited Atelan. Many other cities were being built in Tubalia during Tubal’s reign including what are now Amposta, Tafela, Tudela, Toledo, Merida and Setubal. In the kingdom of Kush, Kush was succeded by Habassi.

2293 BC, the 25th year of Nahor, is when the agony of Job occured, according to the calculations of Michael the Syrian and Bar Hebraeus. In 2287 BC, Janus Barwain came to Gomera and to his displeasure found Kam ruling there. He tolerated this for 3 years and in 2284 BC drove Kam to Sicily, where he founded Camesena, now Acireale, and took Hammon’s wife Rhea, his sister, having several children with her. Janus Barwain founded Janiculum, now part of Rome, and banished Kam’s party to Curetes, south of the Tiber; he established the state of Rasenna between the Tiber and Arno rivers. In 2282 BC, Hwangdi died and there was an earthquake in Hwashya; his son Shaohao assumed the throne. In 2276 BC Chukdari succeeded Chiaktuk in Shinshi, and Akurgal succeeded Urnanshe in Lagash. In 2275 BC, Tsangchye, who had been Hwangdi’s chief minister, made Gaoyang son of Changyi, king of Hwasya with the throne name Zhuansu, deposing Shaohao. In 2271 BC, Kam and Rhea invaded the kingdom of Hammon from Sicily and took over, forcing Hammon to exile in Crete. In 2266 BC Kalbum drove Sebtah out of Sumer and assumed the hegemony. In 2263 BC, Nahor married Iyoska. Also in that year, Sebtah left Aratta and Awan to Barzanes, and went to his father’s land of Kush, where he succeeded Habassi as king. In this same year Dionysus, illegitimate son of Hammon who had grown up in Kush, retook his father’s kingdom, Tritonia, in the war known to later historians as the Titanomachy. He forced Kam and Rhea back to Egypt, where he appointed their son, Apis, whom he had adopted, as king. That year also, Zhuansu made innovations to the Chinese calendar zodiac.

In 2258 BC Cainan died, leaving Salah as ruler of Pannonia. In 2257 BC, Terah was born in Ur to Nahor and Iyoska. Iberus in that year succeeded his father Tubal in Tubalia, which now became known as Iberia. Some accounts say Tubal had been preparing to attack Getulia when he died. During his reign, Iberus founded two cities both named Illiberis, one near Granada, and one at Elne near the edge of his territory extending beyond the Pyrenees into southern France. In 2255 BC, Zhuansu wrote a piece of music called ‘The Answer to the Clouds’; Telchines succeeded Europs in Arcadia, and Magus succeeded his father Samothes in Samothea, during his reign founding many new settlements in his name to the edges of his territory, as well as across the channel in what is now England. The following year, Barzanes of Aratta and Awan defeated Meskiagnuna, killing him. He also stole an idol from Nahor, who was priest of Ur. Meskiagnuna’s queen Shamgan succeeded him in Ur. In 2253 BC, Sebtah left Kush and visited Iberia, where he founded Saguntum.

In 2249 BC, an earthquake destroyed the idols in the Nippur temple. In 2248 BC, Mannus succeeded his father Tuiscon in Tuiscones, he founded his capital at Mannheim on the Rhine. In 2246 BC, Eannatum succeeded Akurgal in Lagash. In 2242 BC, Janus Barwain of Rasena put Sebtah in charge of Curetes. In 2237 BC, Kalbum of Kish defeated Barzanes’ Elamite infantry on the Tigris with an army that included elephants, and therafter Kalbum spread idolatry to the defeated Aratta. However in 2235 BC he was killed by Eannatum of Lagash, while Hadanish of Hamazi was able to seize Nippur. Eannatum, also known as Lumma, Hadanish, and Shamgan then partitioned Sumer. That same year, in Arcadia Thelxion succeeded Telchines, who fled to Rhodes.

In 2232 BC, Sebtah put Saba in charge of Curetes. In 2229 BC, Lud died in Maeonia after a very long reign. In 2228 BC, Apis left the throne of Egypt temporarily to Neferkare or Karemon, while he and his father Kam visited Hadanish to learn their idolatry. Sodom, Gomorrah and Zoar were founded in Canaan at this time. The following year, Brigus, son of Meshech, was made a duke by Mannus and built Brigantion and Artsburg in the south of Tuiscones. In 2226 BC, while Kam stayed behind in Hamazi, Apis went to Kush and was made king there. In 2224 BC, Apis returned to Egypt and resumed rule, calling himself Osiris, which was a name for the deified Cain before the flood.

In 2220 BC, Iubelda succeeded Iberus in Iberia, and Hyokdase succeeded Chukdari in Shinshi. In 2219 BC, the Nippur temple was again destroyed, this time by a tornado. In 2216 BC, Ilshu was king at Mari. The next year, Partholon, a Magogite exiled from Sweden, settled in Ireland with 1000 colonists. In 2214 BC, Herman, a commander of Mannus, seized Maeonia north of the Caicus river with contingents of Brigi, Moesians and Bithynians. The following year Mannus had a son whom he named Herminon. In 2211 BC, Nanni Zames succeeded Queen Shamgan in Ur; meanwhile Sebtah died, and Janus Barwain made his own son Cranus governor of Curetes south of the Tiber. Also, Jerome indicates that Cres founded Knossos in Crete in this year.

In 2208 BC, Siggo succeeded Ubbo in Sweden, and founded his capital at Sigtuna. The following year, Enshakushanna of Uruk seized Nippur from Hadanish and claimed the sovereignty of all Sumer, although Lumma of Lagash was still an independent rival. Lumma over the next few years began to seize other cities in and near Sumer, and subject them into his empire, including Mari, Asshur, Kish and Ur, where Nanni Zames remained as nominal governor. In 2206 BC Sarron succeeded Magus in Samothea, founding his capital at Old Sarum, England. The next year, Treber crossed the Rhine into Sarron’s territory and began founding a number of towns including Triers and Strasbourg. Some accounts would make him a son of Ninus, others a son of Mannus of Tuiscones. In 2203 BC, Janus Barwain died and his son Cranus succeeded him in Rasenna. Also at this time, Apis and his sister called Isis left Egypt and went to Canaan to spread use of the hoe.

22nd Century BC
In 2200 BC, Partholon defeated a force from Curetes, Gomera (Fomorians) that had settled across the Irish Sea and raided Eire. In 2198 BC Zhuansu died; Shuqe raised disorder among the Shennong, but it was suppressed by prince Gawsin, who took the throne of Hwashia as Ku. Salah died in Pannonia, and the Goths of Geatland got their own ruler, Erik, and independence from Siggo of Sweden.

In 2196 BC, Nebkaure was put in charge of Kush, and in 2192 BC, of Egypt as well, in the absence of Apis in Canaan. Also in 2192 BC, Terah married Edna in Ur. In 2187 BC, he bore Abram in Ur, and in that year Eannatum of Lagash seized Uruk and Nippur from Enshakushanna, but then was killed before he could be crowned king of Sumer in Nippur. Enshakushanna’s son Lugalkinishedudu then succeded to the hegemony over Uruk, Nippur, Kish and Ur, while Enannatum succeeded Eannatum in Lagash, and Mari became independent again under Lamgi-mari. In 2183 BC, Aegyrus succeeded Thelxion in Arcadia, and the following year, Entemena became king in Lagash and was allied with Uruk against Umma. In 2182 BC, Ingevon succeeded his father Mannus in Tuiscones, and declared his parents, Mannus and Sunna, to be deities, and Ku of Hwashia sent his general Chung against theYukwai region.

In 2180 BC, a plague wiped out Partholon and most of his colonists in Eire. Nanni Zames of Ur, now independent, seized Nippur and the hegemony of Sumer from Uruk; Bazi succeeded in Mari. In 2175 BC, Kam, who had become king of Bactrian empire, attacked Nanni but was defeated in Syria and beheaded. The following year, Meskiagnanna, also called Arius, succeeded Nanni Zames in Ur; in his reign he subjected all Bactria, including the Caspian region. In 2173 BC, Cranus of Rasenna put Aurunus in charge of Curetes. The year after that, Abram invented the ox-drawn plough in Ur at the age of 15. This invention, over the next few years, spread throughout Mesopotamia, and into Martu and Canaan, where it attracted the attention of Apis and Isis, who were already engaged in agricultural supervision there.

In 2169 BC, Ikun-Shamash succeeded Bazi in Mari. In 2166 BC, Sarah was born to Terah in Ur, and Amen became ruler in Kush. In 2159 BC, Senen succeeded Nebkaure in Egypt. In 2155 BC, the Goths too instituted idolatry. In 2154, Hyarbas succeeded in Tritonia, and Brigus, the son of Meshech who had been a commander for Mannus, was sent to Spain to succeed Iubelda in Iberia. He had numerous cities built in his name in the west of Iberia during his reign there. In 2153 BC, Enannatum II succeeded Entemena in Lagash. In 2150 BC, Aurunus succeeded Cranus in Rasenna, and a Swede named Nemed resettled Eire with colonists, defeating the Fomorians. In 2149 BC, Zizi succeeded Ikun-Shamash in Mari, and Thurimachos succeeded Aegyrus in Arcadia, or Aegialea. and in 2148 BC Keobuldan succeeded Hyokdase in Shinshi.

In 2146 BC, Druis succeeded Sarron in Samothea, Queen Nehasset Nays succeeded Amen in Kush, and Lycurgus, king of Thrace, expelled Mopsus the Moesian and Sipylus the Scythian into Ingevon’s territory. The following year, Inachos became the first king of Argos on the Pelopponese, and Lugal-anne-Mundu of Adab, also known as Amraphel, usurped Arius’ empire including Nippur, Ur, Sumer, Elam, Marhashi, Asshur, Gutium and Hamazi. In 2143 BC, Siggo died in Sweden, and in that year the warrior queen Myrina seized Tritonia from Hyarbas. By some accounts she was a daughter of Japheth. She went on to seize Getulia and even Atelan with her army of female warriors, but could not defeat the Gorgons, or Canaanites south of the 36th parallel. She then returned to ravage Iberia. In 2141 BC, Nemed died of plague, and the Fomorians, based on Tory Island, began to tax the Magogites in Eire for 207 years.

In 2139 BC, Ikun-shamagan succeeded Zizi in Mari, Merykare succeeded Senen in Egypt. The following year, Abram married Sara in Ur. In 2136 BC, Istevon succeeded Ingevone in Tuiscones. In 2134 BC, Zhi succeeded Ku in Hwasya. By then Myrina had advanced through Egypt, with whom she was at peace, and seized Martu, Hatti and Maeonia, prompting the Griponi tribe to flee to Rasenna in that year. Myrina then seized some Aegian islands and founded a temple on Samothrace. She and her commanders founded the settlements of Myrina, Mytilene, Priene, Cyme, and Pitane which were named after them. In 2132 BC, the Sinite tribe, cowherders who had emigrated from Canaan, entered Kush and settled in the highlands of Ethiopia. In 2129 BC, Limer succeeded Ikun-shamagan in Mari.

In 2127 BC, Abram burned down the temple in Ur, and took refuge in Haran. The next year, the tribe of Auson fled Syria by sea to take refuge in eastern Italy, and Myrina crossed into Europe, invading Emathia and Epirus. In 2125 BC, Zhi was deposed, and Yao succeeded him in Huashia. In 2119 BC, Istevone, king of Tuiscones, sent the generals Mopsus and Sipylus against Myrina, whose force had advanced north in the Balkans as far as the Save river. They defeated her there; she and most of her army were slain. Mopsus continued the campaign to liberate the territory she had seized, through Cilicia as far as Martu. and in 2115 BC, Apis returned to the throne in Kush as Horkam, succeeding Queen Nehasset. In 2114 BC, Yao formed a standing army in Hwashia.

In 2113 BC, Lugal-anne-mundu and his Elamite vassal Kudur-lagamar defeated Merykare and annexed the region of Sodom. Apis returned to Egypt around this time and established a new capital in the south at Thebes with the throne name Mentuhotep. In 2112 BC, Abraham was blessed and began to learn the holy language, as the Book of Kufale says. In 2111 BC, the region of Juso submitted to Yao. In 2110 BC, Abraham moved to Canaan from Haran, and that year, Aurunus of Rasenna put Malot Tages in charge of Curetes. The following year, Malot Tages succeeded Aurunus in Rasenna. Also in that year, Hebron was built in Canaan, and Damascus was resettled with Hittites by Mopsus. In 2107 BC there was a famine in Canaan, and Abraham went from Canaan to Egypt where he and Sara met Apis, and in 2105 BC in Hwashia, Yao established the Ministry of Works.

In 2104 BC, Leucippus succeded Thurimachus in Aegialea, and in 2102 BC, Bardus succeeded Druis in Samothea. The next year, Tanis was built in northern Egypt, and the Canaanite tribe of Ayner Arwad migrated to Kush on account of the famine in Canaan. Also that year, Tagus Orma succeeded Brigus in Iberia, calling his kingdom Taga, and Phoroneus succeeded Inachos in Argos.

21st Century BC
In 2100 BC, Abraham returned from Egypt to Bethel in Canaan, and Sodom rebelled from their tributary status to Elam; also Phaeton settled his people in Gomera on the Po river, having finally found a home after his sojourns following their displacement from Canaan by Myrina. Dangun Imgum was made king in Gojoseon, formerly Shinshi. In 2099 BC occured the War of Kings in which Abraham’s army defeated Lugal-anne-mundu and the others. Lugal-anne-mundu of Adab’s empire broke apart in the wake of this defeat, as city governors declared their independence. Sharumiter became king in Mari, Lugalanda in Lagash, Puzur-nirah in Akshak, and Lugal-zagesi (Baleus Xerxes) in Umma. Sharumiter at first controlled Nippur, along with the title King of the Land. At the same time, in Northern Egypt Merykare Kheti in Heracleopolis rebelled against Mentuhotep Apis in Thebes.

In 2098 BC, Ishmael was born to Abraham and Hagar in Canaan. In 2094 BC, after a harsh and oppressive tyranny in Lagash by Lugalanda, he was replaced by a populist reformer, Urukagina; the ‘pygmies’ submitted to Yao in Hwashya. In 2092 BC, Puzur-nirah captured Nippur and the hegemony of Sumer from Mari. In 2090 BC, Urukagina issued a legal code for Lagash which included the banning of wives taking more than one husband. The next year, Puzur-nirah of Akshak was deposed by the Nippur priesthood and replaced with Queen Kugbau, who had formerly been a popular Kish tavern hostess. In 2087 BC, Baleus seized Lagash from Urukagina. The next year, Saba I became independent from Apis in Kush.

In 2084 BC, fires poured from the sky, not only destroying Sodom and Gomorrah, but in volcanic eruptions in Italy at Vesuvius, Cumae, and on the Danube. Abraham went to Beersheba in that year, and Isaac was born; Herminon succeeded Istevone in Germany; his capital was at Hermansheim, now Regensburg. Apis campaigned against Kush in that year. The next year, Ur-zababa succeeded Kugbau in Nippur. Apis again campaigned against Kush in 2082 BC, conquering Nubia as far as the 2nd cataract. In 2081 BC, Hagar and Ishmael journeyed to Paran, and a bright star was seen in Hwashya with other signs. In 2077 BC, Baleus Xerxes destroyed Kish and seized Nippur from Ur-zababa. In 2075 BC, Longho succeeded Bardus in Samothea, and in 2074 BC, Ogyges became king in Attica. In 2073 BC, Betus succeeded Tagus in Iberia, calling his kingdom Baetia, and Merykare Kheti was defeated by Apis Mentuhotep. The next year, Melchizidek established Jerusalem. In 2071 BC, Phaeton left his son Ligur in Liguria and went to Egypt and Nubia, but as there was a famine, took his tribe (Weyto Semar) to Kush. In 2069 BC, Sharukin (Sargon) of Akkad seized Sumer from Baleus Xerxes; and Antef I (Typhon) became governor in Egypt as Apis again toured Africa, Asia and Europe to spread use of the plough.

In 2068 BC, Abraham and Isaac went to Mt Zion, then returned to Beersheba. In 2067 BC, Sicanus succeeded his father, Malot Tages, in Rasenna. In 2066 BC, Sargon campaigned in Cyprus. In 2065 BC, Yao banished his son Chu to Tanshui. In 2064 BC, Yao ordered his baron Kwan to regulate the Ho river. In 2058 BC, Sargon campaigned in Hatti, took Kanesh and forced king Nurdaggal of Burushanda to submit; by this time he had conquered Elam, Subartu (Ashur), and Aram, and seized Mari and Carchemish from Amurru (Martu).

In 2057 BC, Marsus succeeded Herminon in Germany, with his capital at Marsburg. In 2056 BC, Sofarid succeeded Saba I in Kush, and Yao degraded baron Kwan. In 2055 BC, he appointed Shun as his successor in Hwashya; Rimush succeeded his father Sargon in Akkad, all his lands were in rebellion as Apis travelled through Syria, Hatti and Maeonia. In 2054 BC, Abraham returned from Beersheba to Hebron. In 2052 BC, Yao gave the throne of Hwashya to Shun, and in 2051 BC, there were major deluges in Attica, Gojoseon and Hwashya, and Apis was made king in both Argos and Sicyon. In 2050 BC, Dangun built a castle at Samlang.

In 2049 BC, Apis slew Lycurgus of Thrace, and gave the territory from the Danube as far as Damascus to Maron, who founded the city of Maronea in Thrace. The Ligurians under Ligures occupied from the Po to the Danube in Italy in that year; Shun enacted a penal code in Hwashya, and his General Yu defeated Tsau and Wei. In 2048 BC, Manishtushu succeeded Rimush in Akkad. The next year, Deabus (Geryon) the Curetan succeeded Betus in Iberia; In 2045 BC, Bardus II succeeded Longho in Samothea.

In 2043 BC, envoys of Tashlultum, mother of Manishtushu, arrived in Hwashya; In 2041 BC, the Palensan Curetans took over in Rasenna, and in that same year Naram-sin (Belochis) succeeded Manishtushu (Manithrus) in Akkad. In 2039 BC when Sarah passed, Abraham bought a cave from Ephron the Hittite near Hebron. In 2038 BC, Shun divided Hwashya into 12 provinces. In 2036 BC, Isaac married Rebecca, and Naram-sin defeated Uruk. In 2034 BC, there was a diplomatic meeting between Shun of Hwashya and prince Buru of Gojoseon. In 2032 BC, Naram-sin captured Dahishatal of Subartu in Asshur. The next year, he defeated Shenaminda at the sources of the Tigris and Euphrates. Until 2028 BC, he conquered Lebanon and Amanus, then he battled Pamba of Hatti, Zipani of Kanesh, and 15 other kings. In 2027 BC, prince Buru of Gojoseon did homage to Hwashya.

In 2026 BC, Apis left Messapus in Aigialea, Argus in Argos, his son Macedon in Emathia (now called Macedonia), and travelled up the Danube to Istria, where Eber finally died, so he put Taurus on the throne there. While there he taught ploughing to the Germans, and built Abensburg. Also in that year, Askendi succeeded Sofard in Kush. Askendi may be the same as Isokos or Hysqos Antef II who had succeeded Antef I in Egypt in around 2029 BC. In 2025 BC, Naram-sin conquered Aram and Simurrum, and Yao died. In 2024 BC, Isaac founded a settlement at Ail. In 2023 BC, Shun lade his son Ekum prince of Shang. In 2022 BC Sharkalisharri succeeded Naram-sin in Akkad. In 2020 BC, the Hittites founded Jericho in Amurru and in 2017 BC, Esau and Jacob were born to Isaac. In 2019 BC, Shun officially made Yu his successor. In 2017 BC, Yu subjected the Yew-miao.

In 2013 BC, Sharkalisharri captured Sharlag of Gutium. The next year, he defeated Amurru at Jebel Bishri, and the Curetan Lomnini took over Iberia from Deabus. In 2011 BC, Apis went into Italy to drive out the Palensans, Sharkalishari defeated the Elamites at Akshak, and the Nabateans, descended from Ishmael, and Midianites, from Keturah, were established at Paran. In 2010 BC, Sharkalishari “imposed the yoke on Gutium”, and the prince of Huntu made tribute to Shun. In 2008 BC, Lucus succeeded Bardus I in Samothea. In 2008, Typhon or Antef III succeeded Antef II in Egypt. In 2007 BC, Buru succeeded Dangun in Gojoseon.

In 2005 BC, Dudu succeeded Sharkalisharri in Akkad as three contenders competed for the throne and the Gutians raided, causing the empire to fall apart. Ur declared independence under Baleus. Buru commanded his people to wear blue and plait the hair, and established weights and prices. In 2002 BC, the Gutians occupied most of Mesopotamia, Shun gave the throne of Hwashya to Yu. In 2001 BC, Apis left the Curetan Lestrigones in control of Italy and made a final return to Egypt claiming the throne again as Mentuhotep.

=Old version of page (in process of replacing)= c. 1995 BC - Apis returns to Egypt (Mentuhotep II), Suevus in Sarmatia,
 * 2060 AM - (1998 BC) - Abraham dies in Canaan.
 * c. 1996 BC - Hohey rules in Kush
 * c. 1994 BC - Typhon (Antef III) slays brother Apis in Egypt, usurps throne; Busiris in Phoenicia, another Typhon in Phrygia, Anteus in Libya, Milinis in Crete. Hercules Lybicus (Mentuhotep III, IV) drives out these and the Lomnimi, substitutes k. Hispalus, makes war on Lestrigon. Amenemhat I governs / rules Egypt.
 * 2073 AM - (1985 BC) Isaac moves from Hebron to Beersheba
 * 1984 BC - Hercules expels Lestrigon, rules Razenna
 * 2080 AM - (1978 BC) Esau sells his birthright to Jacob for a bowl of lentils on account of famine. Celtas in Celtia (Samothea); fire in Pyrenees.

Partly thanks to Gutian misrule in Mesopotamia, famine was a big problem throughout the Fertile Crescent by this time. This means the cost of grain went up several fold, the grain industry was crippled, and food was scarcer all around.

All Mesopotamian accounts remember the Gutians for bringing famine to Sumer. Some versions of the kinglist state the time of their rule was 124 years, while others say only 25 years. I take the latter figure as far more realistic, since 25 years is plenty enough time for them to run Sumer into the ground and bring about famine, and it fits my chronological scheme of synchronizations with Jubilees perfectly. I thus put 2081 AM as the year Utu-HeGal of Uruk drove the Gutians out of Sumer, beginning the "Sumerian renaissance". 2081 AM is also the year Isaac moved to Gerar and treated with Abimelech king of the Philistines. The Philistines were a seafaring people from Cyprus (Kaftor) who were partly of Misraim (Ham) and partly of Javan (Japheth), and had settled the coastal area including Gaza.

After writing that, I was able to confirm that the Gutians and the next king Utu-heGal together could not have ruled such a long time as is usually supposed. The last king named on the Elamite Awan dynasty kinglist, Kutik-Inshushinak or Puzur-Inshushinak, is known to have been a governor of Susa under the Akkadians, and was still reigning as king when Ur-Nammu seized power, according to Wilcke. I had already surmised that the Gutians and Utu-HeGal together had only 26 years between the Akkadians and Ur-Nammu, and not 133; later I came across this confirmation.

Yet another confirmation that everything so far lines up quite well is the annotation in Berossus for the early part of Baleus - "In the time of this Baleus, the Indians (Gutians) brought their own to Babylon." Remember the earlier conflicts with the Awan dynasty had matched the annals in Berossus describing conflicts with "Bactria", which seems to refer to everything east of Mesopotamia, at least as presumably translated from old cuneiform records through Aramaic, Greek and Latin. Now the invasion of the Gutians is a perfect match for the "Indians" - again, meaning non-Mesopotamians from the east - described as having done what? "brought their own to Babylon"... The agreement in the chronological intervals is striking. Time to take a second look at Annius, perhaps?

Utu-HeGal of Uruk - 2081 AM - 2082 AM (1977-1976 BC)
Most versions of the SKL say he ruled 427 years, one version has 26 years, and some say 7 years, all of these in addition to some months. Be that as it may, there is only one attested year-name for Utu-HeGal in contemporary documents, and that is "Year Utu-HeGal became king". I am therefore dubious that he ever spent more than one year as supreme King after driving out the Gutians from Sumer. I am of the opinion that if he reigned as king for more years, there would be more year-names attested. Perhaps he had already been governor or mayor in Uruk for the years under the Gutians.

Ur-Nammu of Ur - 2082 AM - 2100 AM (1976-1958 BC)
Ur Nammu of Ur next seized the Kingship in Sumer; the figure on the SKL of 18 years is believable in this case, because we have around that number of year-names attested for him.

The era of Baleus is said to last 52 years, but if it starts in 2005 BC and ends with this king, per my calculations, it must be corrected to 47 years, meaning it was increased by an extra 5 in later records.

He issued his famous law-code, the Code of Ur-Nammu, in ca. 2083-84 AM (ca. 1975-1974 BC), and ravaged Gutium in ca. 2092 AM (1966 BC).


 * 1974 BC - Amenemhat I names Senusret as coregent in Egypt, Senusret campaigns in Libya
 * 1965 BC - Hercules (Mentuhotep III) fights gigantes in Italy again
 * 1964 BC - Amenemhat I d., Senusret I in Egypt; campaigns in Nubia
 * 1962 BC - Hispanus rules in Spain
 * c. 1961 BC - Ahyap / Adglag rules in Kush
 * 1960 BC - Hercules destroys gigantes in Italy

Shulgi of Ur - 2100 AM - 2148 AM (1958-1910 BC)
Shulgi has a bad reputation in later chronicles. One cuneiform source says "he did not perform his rites to the letter, he defiled his purification rituals". A second charges him with improper tampering with the rites, composing "untruthful stelae, insolent writings" on them. A third accuses him of "criminal tendencies, and the property of Esagila and Babylon he took away as booty." Compared to this, the corresponding era in Berossus is called "Altades", and the Latin text states: "He spent his time in delights, thinking work to be futile, and worked continued misery in his life, not just of others, and of utility and benefit of the human race, but ruin and servitude. Therefore it was his own custom, that he might enjoy himself on his own as he should for the most part, in a life of riches and glory, and folly and misery of others." However, this era is said to be 32 years, whereas he is known to have ruled 48 years, suggesting that some tampering was done with the records, shortening his reign by 16 years, perhaps to adjust for the increases to the reigns of Armatritis and Baleus. A curious thing about (B) is that the records seem more accurate and meticulous for the earliest centuries (up to Lugal Zagesi / Xerxes), and then they begin to get sloppier and sloppier, with fewer exact dates, as time goes on and the "gigantes" (descendants of Ham and his sister Rhea in Italy, rather than from his first (black) wife who survived the flood) take the center stage in most parts of the Mediterranean. This must reflect something of the way the annals were originally compiled and added to by successive generations.

Starting now we get a more complete picture of chronology from archaeology, as names for all 48 of Shulgi's years are known in the correct order from dated documents. Synchronized with events in Jubilees, it looks something like this:


 * 2101 AM (1957 BC) - Isaac leaves Gerar;
 * 1956 BC - Senusret campaigns in Nubia
 * 2108 AM (1950 BC) - Isaac to Beersheba
 * c. 1949 BC - Akhuns Saba II in Saba
 * 2114 AM (1944 BC) - Jacob steals blessing from Esau by tricking Isaac; Galathes rules Gauls (Celts) (B)
 * 2115 AM (1943 BC) - Jacob flees to Harran; Esau to Seir (Edom) Vandalus rules Tuiscones. (B)
 * c. 1941 BC - Adgala rules in Kush
 * 2120 AM (1938 BC) - Shulgi sacks Der
 * 2122 AM (1936 BC) - Jacob marries Leah and Rachel; Reuben born; Shulgi proclaims his own divinity.
 * 2123 AM (1935 BC) - Simon born; Shulgi sacks Karhar.
 * 2124-2125 AM (1934-33 BC) - Shulgi defeats Simurrum.
 * 2125 AM (1933 BC) - Levi born
 * 2126 AM (1932 BC) - Shulgi sacks Harshi. Senusret I makes Amenemhat II coregent
 * 2127 AM (1931 BC) - Dan born.
 * 1930 BC - Hercules Lybicus to Iberia, reigns there; leaves Razenna to Tuscus (B). Amenemhat II in Egypt.
 * 2129 AM (1929 BC) - Judah born; H
 * 2130 AM (1928 BC) - Naphtali born; Shulgi sacks Karhar again.
 * 2131 AM (1927 BC) - Gad born; Shulgi defeats Simurrum again
 * 2132 AM (1926 BC) - Issachar born; Shulgi sacks Karhar a 3rd time.
 * 2133 AM (1925 BC) - Asser born; Shulgi sacks Anshan in Elam.
 * 2134 AM (1924 BC) - Zebulon, Joseph born.
 * 2135 AM (1923 BC) - Jacob flees from Harran, returns to Canaan;
 * 2136 AM (1922 BC) - Shulgi builds a defensive wall in Mesopotamia
 * 2142 AM (1916 BC) - Shulgi sacks Shashrum
 * 2143 AM (1915 BC) - Jacob (Israel) sacks Shechem, defeats Hamor the Hivite; Benjamin born. Shulgi defeats Simurrum, Lullubi.
 * 2144 AM (1914 BC) - Shulgi defeats Simurrum, Lullubi, Karhar and Arbil.
 * 2145 AM (1913 BC) - Shulgi sacks Kimash, Hurti
 * 2147 AM (1911 BC) - Shulgi sacks Kimash, Hurti, and Harshi. Lakniduga rules in Kush

Reign of Amar-Sin of Ur - 2148 AM - 2157 AM (1910-1901 BC)
The next era after Altades (Shulgi) in Berossus is called "Mamitus" and is said to last 30 years. If we add 10 years for Amar-sin, 8 for Shu-sin and 22 for Ibbi-sin, we get 40 years, indicating another discrepancy of 10 years under, whether miscopied or deliberate. The Latin text claims Mamitus "trained the soldiers again and performed work, and intervened in delights, anointing and balsam, executing wars and fights, and began to be a threat to Syria and Egypt."


 * 2148 AM (1910 BC) - Israel (Jacob) defeats the Amorite chiefs Taphu (Tafa), Aresa, Seragan, Selo, Ga'as, Bethoron, and Ma'anisakir (Amanisikiros). [Kufale] Some Amorite governors from the Ur-III period whose names are known include Shu-dagan of Mari, Apilasha of Kazallu, and Shu-ilia of Eshnunna, but any correspondence here is only a possibility. The rabbinic Jerahmeel names them as Pir'athaho k. of Hazor, Susi k. of Sartan, Laban k. of Horan / Heldon, and Shakir / Shikkor, k. of Mahna.
 * 2149 AM (1909 BC) - Joseph sold into Egypt; Amar-Sin sacks Arbil.
 * 2153 AM (1905 BC) - Amar-Sin sacks Shashrum, Shurudhum
 * 2154 AM (1904 BC) - Amar-Sin sacks Bitum Rabium, Jabru, Huhnuri
 * 1901 BC - Narbon rules in Gallia; Galathes sent by Tuscus to Sicily

Reign of Shu-Sin of Ur - 2157 AM -2165 AM (1901-1893 BC)

 * 2159 AM (1899 BC) - Shu-Sin ravages Simanum. Amenemhat II makes Senusret II coregent
 * 2160 AM (1898 BC) - Shu-Sin builds defensive wall
 * 1897 BC - Senusret II succeeds in Egypt
 * 2162 AM (1896 BC) - Isaac dies; Israel (Jacob) defeats Esau (Edom). Ishbi-Erra becomes independent ruler in Isin.
 * 2163 AM (1895 BC) - Shu-Sin sacks Zabshalli
 * c. 1894 BC - Nakehte Kalnis in Saba.

Reign of Ibbi-Sin of Ur - 2165 AM to 2188 AM (1893-1870 BC)

 * 2167 AM (1891 BC) - Ibbi-Sin ravages Simurrum.
 * 2168 AM (1890 BC) - Ishbi-Erra of Isin suppresses Amorites (though he is himself of Amorite origin); Hesperus rules in Spain (B). Senusret III coregent in Egypt
 * 1889 BC - Teutones rules in Sarmatia / Germany (B)
 * 2170 AM (1888 BC) - Phares & Zerah born. Alteus k. in Italy. (B)
 * 2171 AM (1887 BC) - The Seven Years' Famine begins, throughout the Near East (Egypt, Canaan and Mesopotamia)

This is the start of the Seven Years Famine when Joseph was in charge in Egypt. I had already made all these calculations and estimates, and already placed this event at this exact point in the reign of Ibbi-Sin or Ur. Then I went to research the reign of Ibbi-Sin, to see if his reign was known for any food scarcity or famine. When I did, I found a perfect match confirming that my calculations have been perfectly on track. My jaw dropped when I learned that the reign of Ibbi-Sin is indeed known for a devastating famine and food shortage that caused the price of grain to skyrocket, many times its normal price.

It fits so perfectly, that I almost could have designed the same chronology by starting with the two famines of 2080 AM and 2171 AM, which are 91 years apart according to Jubilees, and then lined it up with the famines of the Gutians and Ibbi-Sin. But I honestly didn't do it that way. I worked out the likeliest dates and length of reigns as seen here beforehand, then I noticed there were these two famines according to Jubilees, and then I looked up the corresponding reigns to see if they were known for severe famines, which they were -- giving me confirmation of what I had already worked out independently of the famines.


 * 2172 AM (1886 BC) - Israel moves to Egypt (on account of the famine); Shinash (Hamati Canaan) enter Ethiopia. Manturay in Kush
 * 2173 AM (1885 BC) - Ibbi-Sin of Ur campaigns in Huhnuri, Anshan in Elam.
 * 2176 AM (1882 BC) - Ishbi-Erra of Isin defeats Kimash, Elam. 2nd cataract made southern boundary of Egypt.
 * 2178 AM (1880 BC) - Ibbi-Sin defeats Susa & Awan in Elam; Senusret III (Sesostris) sole Pharaoh in Egypt; campaigns in Asia
 * 2181 AM (1877 BC) - Ibbi-Sin subjects the Amorites
 * 2185 AM (1873 BC) - Erishum I of Asshur
 * 2186 AM (1872 BC) - A devastating hurricane hits Ur
 * 2187 AM (1871 BC) - The Elamites sack Ur; Lugdus rules in Gallia
 * 2188 AM (1870 BC) - Ishbi-Erra of Isin takes Ur from the Elamites; Amenemhat III coregent

After the fall of Ur in 2187 AM, Isin is now the main power in Sumer.

Reign of Ishbi-Erra of Isin in Ur - 2188-2194 AM (1870-1864 BC)
As we saw, Ishbi-Erra (a Semite) had ruled independently in Isin since 2162 AM, while Ibbi-Sin had ruled in Ur until the downfall of Ur at the hands of the Elamites in 2187 AM. The next year, Ishbi-Erra expelled the Elamites, establishing Isin over Ur as the supreme power in south Mesopotamia. The Israelites had already been in Egypt since 2172 AM.

The hegemony of Isin under the first 3 rulers, seems to correspond best with the era of "Mancaleus" in B, said there to be 30 years, but there are 28 years by my count, between Ishbi-Erra, Shu-ilishu and Iddin-Dagan. No further information is given about Mancaleus in B.


 * 1869 Hercules Alemannus reigns in Germany / Sarmatia; Atlas expels Hesperus, rules Spain while Hesperus takes Italy. (B)

Reign of Shu-Ilishu of Isin - 2194-2204 AM (1864-1854 BC)

 * 1858 BC - Atlas takes Italy, leaves Sicorus k. in Spain (B)

Reign of Iddin-Dagan of Isin - 2204-2216 AM (1854-1842 BC)
Iddin Dagan fought the Amorites near Kakkulatum; he also lost control of Nippur. Cuneiform tablets describe his appearance in pagan, state-sponsored parades of male prostitutes, a clear indication of the promotion of sodomites around this time; another tablet suggests Ur Nammu of Ur about a century earlier had curbed their influence somewhat with his laws.


 * c. 1854 BC - Q. Kasiyope in Saba.
 * c. 1851 BC - Rakhu rules in Kush.

Reign of Ishme-Dagan of Isin - 2216-2233 AM (1842-1825 BC)
He regains control of Nippur.


 * 2222 AM (1836 BC) Gungunum, another chieftain of Amorite descent, establishes independence in Larsa. He sacks Bashimi in 2224 AM, and Anshan (Elam) in 2226 AM.
 * c. 1835 BC - Sabe II in Saba.
 * 2224 AM 1834 Ikunum in Asshur
 * 2231 AM 1827 BC The warlord Gungunum of Larsa takes over Ur

Reign of Lipit-Ishtar of Isin - 2233-2243 AM (1825-1815 BC)

 * 2234 AM 1824 Lipit-Ishtar of Isin promulgates a new law code.
 * 2237 AM 1821 Sargon I in Asshur; Sabe I rules in Kush
 * c. 1820 BC - Ityopis I in Ethiopia.
 * 2242 AM 1816 Lipit Ishtar repulses Amorites; Gungunum defeats Malgium.

Reign of Ur-Ninurta in Isin - 2243-2260 AM (1815-1798)

 * 2249 AM 1809 BC Abisare succeeds Gungunum in Larsa; ?Nippur returns to Isin.
 * 2257 AM 1801 Abisare of Larsa defeats Isin; ? Halium king in Ilip-Akusum
 * 2259 AM 1799 Sumu-Abum becomes independent king of Babylon.
 * 2260 AM 1798 Sumuel succeeds Abisare in Larsa

Reign of Bur-Sin in Isin - 2260-2281 AM (1798-1777 BC)

 * 2261 AM 1797 Sumu-Abum of Babylon seizes wall of Ilip.
 * 2263 AM 1795 Egypt fights a war with Canaan (Book of Jubilees)
 * 2263 AM 1795 Sumuel of Larsa sacks Akusum & Kazallu
 * 2264 AM 1794 Sumuel of Larsa defeats Uruk;
 * 2267 AM 1791 Sumuel of Larsa sacks Pinaratim; Azagan pharaoh in Kush.
 * 2269 AM 1789 Sumuel of Larsa seizes Sabum and villages on Euphrates;
 * 2270 AM 1788 Sumuel of Larsa defeats Kish;
 * 2271 AM 1787 Sumu-Abum of Babylon seizes Kazallu, defeats Larsa
 * 2273 AM 1785 Sumulael succeeds Sumu-Abum in Babylon,
 * 2274 AM 1784 Sumuel of Larsa defeats Kazallu;
 * 2275 AM 1783 Sumuel of Larsa seizes town of Nannaisha
 * 2275 AM 1783 Sumulael of Babylon defeats Kazallu.
 * 2276 AM 1782 Puzur-asshur II in Asshur
 * 2277 AM 1781 ? Manalbaltiel becomes independent king of Kisurra.
 * 2281 AM 1777 Sumulael of Babylon sacks Kish.

Reign of Lipit-Enlil in Isin 2281-2286 AM (1777-1772 BC)

 * 2284 AM 1774 Naram-sin in Asshur.
 * 2286 AM 1772 Sumulael of Babylon drives Yahzirel from Kazallu

Reign of Erra-Imiti in Isin 2286-2294 AM (1772-1764 BC)

 * 2287 AM 1771 Sumulael of Babylon destroys wall of Kish.
 * 2288 AM 1770 Sumulael of Babylon defeats Kazallu
 * 2289 AM 1769 Sumuel of Larsa sacks Umma
 * 2290 AM 1768 BC Nur-Adad succeeds Sumuel in Larsa
 * 2290 AM 1768 Erra-Immiti of Isin seizes Kisurra
 * 2291 AM 1743 Erra-Immiti of Isin destroys wall of Kazallu
 * 2292 AM 1766 ? Aminum of Unina takes Shadappum
 * 2293 AM 1765 Sumulael of Babylon defeats Yahzirel
 * 2293 AM 1765 Sin-abum of ? takes Sit.

Reign of Enlil-Bani 2294-2317 AM (1764-1741 BC)

 * c. 1764 BC - Lakendun Nowerari in Ethiopia.
 * c. 1761 BC - Susel Atozanis in Kush.
 * 2298 AM 1760 Ipiq-adad k. in Eshnunna
 * 2300 AM 1758 Aminum defeats Ipiq-adad.
 * 2302 AM 1756 Ipiq-adad defeats Aminum.
 * 2303 AM 1755 Ipiq-adad takes Ziquratum.
 * 2306 AM 1752 Siniddinam succeeds Nur-Adad in Larsa
 * 2309 AM 1749 Siniddinam of Larsa defeats Babylon. Sabium succeds Sumulael in Babylon.
 * 2310 AM 1748 Siniddinam of Larsa seizes Ibrat, Malgium.
 * 2311 AM 1747 Siniddinam of Larsa sacks Eshnunna
 * 2312 AM 1746 Siniddinam of Larsa seizes Nippur. ? Shamshi-adad b.
 * 2313 AM 1745 Sineribam succeeds Siniddinam in Larsa. ? Aminum of Unina dies; eclipse.
 * 2314 AM 1744 Sabium of Babylon defeats Larsa.
 * 2315 AM 1743 Siniqisham succeeds Sineribam in Larsa
 * 2316 AM 1742 Siniqisham of Larsa seizes Pinaratim, Nazarum.
 * c. 1741 - Amen II in Kush.

Reign of Zambia in Isin 2317-2319 AM (1741-1739 BC)

 * 2324 AM 1740 ? Asshur? takes Hupshum;
 * 2319 AM 1739 Siniqisham of Larsa defeats Kazallu, Babylon, Elam, & Zambia of Isin.

Reign of Iterpisha in Isin 2319-2322 AM (1739-1736 BC)

 * 2320 AM 1738 Silli-Adad succeeds Siniqisham in Larsa
 * 2321 AM 1737 Silli-Adad removed from throne of Larsa; Kudur-Mabug of Elam places his son Warad-Sin on throne of Larsa

Reign of Urdukuga of Isin - 2322-2325 AM (1736-1733 BC)

 * 2323 AM 1735 Warad-Sin destroys wall of Kazallu and army of Mutibal
 * 2323 AM 1735 Apil-Sin succeeds Sabium in Babylon. Ilakabkabu of ? takes Suprum.
 * 2324 AM - 1734 Elam defeats Ipiq-adad of Eshnunna; Shamshi-adad k. in ?; Tutemheb in Ethiopia

Reign of Sin-Magir of Isin 2325-2335 AM (1733-1723)

 * 2326 AM - 1732 Lullu defeat king in Lazapatum
 * 2327 AM - 1731 Ipiq-adad takes Arrapha
 * 2328 AM - 1730 Ipiq-adad takes Gasur
 * 2329 AM - 1729 Ipiq-adad takes Sin-abushi of Nerebtum
 * 2330 AM - 1728 Moses born in Egypt
 * 2331 AM - 1727 Ipiq-adad takes Nerebtum
 * 2332 AM - 1726 Shamshi-adad defeats Unina; Rim-Sin succeeds Warad-Sin in Larsa; Ramenpahte in Kush
 * 2334 AM - 1724 Shamshi-adad takes Ekallatum

Reign of Damiq-Ilishu of Isin - 2335-2357 AM (1723-1701 BC)
(He is the last independent king of Isin)


 * 2337 AM - 1721 Shamshi-adad sacks Asshur; Erishum 2 in Asshur. Ipiq-adad of Eshnunna d.
 * 2340 AM - 1718 Damiq-Ilishu takes Nippur from Larsa
 * 2341 AM = 1717 BC - Sin-Muballit succeeds Apil-Sin in Babylon.
 * c. 1714 BC - Herhator I in Ethiopia; Beric in Sweden
 * 2345 AM 1713 - Rim-Sin of Larsa smites Babylon, Sutum, Rapiqum, and Irdanene king of Uruk.
 * 2346 AM 1712 - Rim-Sin seizes Pinaratim and Nazarum; Shamshi-adad I king in Asshur.
 * 2348 AM - (1710) Rim-Sin seizes Zibnatum. 1715 Shamshi-adad returns from Babylon.
 * 2349 AM - 1709 Rim-Sin seizes Bit-Shu-Sin and Uzarbara
 * 2351 AM - 1707 Rim-Sin annexes Kisurra, destroys Der.
 * 2352 AM - 1706 Rim-Sin destroys Uruk; Wanuna, Piori I in Kush
 * 2354 AM - 1704 Sin-Muballit of Babylon defeats Rim-Sin of Larsa;
 * 2356 AM - 1702 Rim-Sin seizes a city of Damiq-Ilishu of Isin
 * 2357 AM - 1701 Sin-Muballit of Babylon captures Isin
 * 2359 AM - 1699 Shamshi-adad of Asshur def. Yahdun-lim of Mari, 11 others
 * 2360-61 AM 1698-97 - Rim-Sin of Larsa conquers Isin

Reign of Hammurabi of Babylon - 2361-2404 AM (1697-1654 BC)
Although Isin finally falls to Larsa, in that same year the famous king Hammurabi succeeds Sin-Muballit in Babylon, and soon grows to be the paramount power in Mesopotamia.


 * 2362 AM - 1696 famous Law Code of Hammurabi is proclaimed. The last major law-code had been that of Lipit-Ishtar of Isin, in 2234 AM.
 * c. 1694 - Ityopis II in Ethiopia
 * 2367 AM - 1691 Hammurabi of Babylon seizes Uruk and Isin from Larsa; Rama of India fights Piori I of Kush
 * 2369 AM - 1689 Dadusha takes Meturan
 * 2370 AM - 1688 Hammurabi defeats Malgium
 * 2371 AM - 1687 Hammurabi seizes Rapiqum, Shalibi
 * 2372 AM - 1686 Qatna-Asshur alliance; Shamshi-adad appoints son Yasma-adad in Mari
 * 2373 AM - 1685 Shamshi-adad takes Qabra
 * 2374 AM - 1684 Shamshi-adad defeats Ahazum, etc.;
 * 2375 AM - 1683 Shamshi-adad defeats Turukkeans; Yasma-adad k. of Mari defeats Yaminites, unifies banks of Euphrates
 * 2378 AM - 1680 Ishme-dagan in Asshur (= Ham 17)
 * 2388 AM - 1670 Ashur-dugul in Ashur
 * 2390 AM - 1668 Hammurabi defeats Elam, Marhashi, Subartu, Gutium, Eshnunna and Malgium.
 * 2391 AM - 1667 Hammurabi defeats Rim-Sin of Larsa
 * 2392 AM - 1666 Hammurabi defeats Eshnunna, Subartu, Gutium, and conquers Mankisum.
 * 2393 AM - 1665 Hammurabi conquers Mari, Malgium, Subartu, Ekallatum, Burunda, Zamlash.
 * 2394 AM - 1664 Belubani in Ashur; Senuka in Ethiopia
 * 2397 AM - 1661 Hammurabi defeats Gutium, Sutum, Turukku, and Kakmu and the land of Subartu.
 * 2399 AM - 1659 Hammurabi defeats Cutha, Subartu;

Reign of Samsu-iluna of Babylon -2404-2442 AM (1654-1616 BC)

 * 2404 AM (1654) Libaya in Ashur
 * 2410 AM = 1648 BC - Exodus of Israelites from Egypt
 * 2411 AM - 1647 Israel, led by Moses, is at Sinai, Kadesh. Bonu in Ethiopia.
 * 2412 AM - 1646 Samsu-iluna of Babylon defeats the Kassites, a new Zagros entity.
 * 2413 AM 1645 - Samsu-iluna defeats Emutbal, Uruk, Isin
 * 2414 AM 1644 - Samsu-iluna defeats rebellion in Akkad, destroys Larsa
 * 2415 AM 1643 - Samsu-Iluna defeats Sumer and Akkad
 * 2416 AM 1642 - Samsu-Iluna destroys Kisurra and Sabum
 * c. 1639 BC - Q. Mumazes in Ethiopia
 * 2420 AM 1638 - Sharma-adad 1 in Ashur
 * 2423 AM 1635 - Samsu-Iluna smites Eshnunna. Aruas, Amen Asro in Ethiopia.
 * 2426 AM 1632 - Samsu-Iluna destroys Shahna, Apum, Zarhanum, Putra, and Susa.
 * 2431 AM 1627 - Samsu-iluna defeats kings Iadihabum and Mutihurshan
 * 2432 AM - (1626 BC) Iptar-sin in Ashur
 * 2439 AM - 1619 Samsu-Iluna subdues Amorites

Reign of Abieshuh of Babylon - 2442-2470 AM (1616-1588 BC)

 * 2443 AM 1615 - Bazaya in Ashur
 * 2445 AM - 1613 Abieshuh of Babylon defeats the Kassites
 * 2449 AM 1609 - Moses of Israel seizes Heshbon, Bashan.
 * 2450-2456 AM - 1608-1602 BC Joshua begins Israelite conquest of Canaan
 * 2451 AM (1607 BC) - Abieshuh seizes Adnatum;
 * c. 1605 BC - Ori II in Eth.
 * 2469 AM 1589 - Abieshuh defeats Eshnunna

Reign of Ammi-Ditana of Babylon - 2470-2508 AM (1588-1551 BC)

 * 2470 AM (1588 BC) Lulaya in Ashur
 * 2476 AM (1582 BC) Shu-ninua in Ashur
 * c. 1575 BC - Piori II in Eth.
 * 2490 AM (1568 BC) 2 Sharma-adad in Ashur
 * 2493 AM (1565 BC) 3 Erishum in Ashur
 * 2494 AM = 1564 BC death of Joshua; Kenaz judge in Israel (Philo)
 * c. 1560 BC - Amenemhat I in Eth.
 * 2505 AM (1553) - 2 Shamshi-adad in Ashur
 * 2507 AM (1551 BC) - Ammi-Ditana of Babylon destroys wall of Der.

Reign of Ammi-Saduqa of Babylon - 2508-2528 AM (1551-1530 BC)

 * 2511 AM (1547 BC) 2 Ishme-dagan in Ashur
 * 2527 AM (1531 BC) 3 Shamshi-adad in Ashur

Reign of Samsu-Ditana of Babylon - 2528-2559 AM (1530-1499 BC)

 * c. 1520 BC - Tsawi in Ethiopia.
 * 2542 AM (1516 BC) Ashur-nirari 1 in Ashur
 * 2551 AM (1507 BC) Zebul judge in Israel (Philo)
 * c. 1505 BC - Aktisanis in Eth.
 * 2559 AM (1499 BC) - Hittite king Mursili I sacks Babylon; beginning of Kassite rule in Babylon, renamed Karanduniash.

After sack of Babylon

 * 2559 AM (1499 BC) Agum (Kassite) duke in Babylon / Karanduash
 * c. 1495 BC - Mandes in Eth.
 * 2568 AM (1490 BC) Puzur-assur 3 in Ashur
 * c. 1478 BC - Protawos in Eth.
 * 2592 AM (1466 BC) Enlil-nasir 1 in Assyria
 * 2600 AM (1458 BC) - Cushan-Rishathaim of Aram subjects Israel
 * 2600 AM (1458 BC) Ulamburiash in Karanduash
 * 2604 AM (1454 BC) Nur-ili in Asshur
 * 2608 AM (1450 BC) - Othniel of Israel defeats Aram
 * c. 1445 BC - Amoy in Eth.
 * 2616 AM (1442 BC) Ashur-rabi 1 in Asshur
 * c. 1424 BC - Konsi Hindawi in Eth.
 * 2635 AM (1423 BC) Enlil-nasir 2 in Assyria
 * c. 1419 BC - Bonu II in Eth.
 * 2641 AM (1417 BC) Ashur-nirari II in Assyria; Sebe III Kefe in Eth.
 * 2648 AM (1410 BC) Ashur-bel-nisheshu in Assyria; Eglon of Moab subjects Israel
 * 2656 AM (1402 BC) Ashur-rem-nisheshu in Assyria; Djagons in Eth.
 * 2664 AM (1394 BC) Ashur-nadin-ahhe II in Assyria
 * 2666 AM (1392 BC) - Ehud of Israel defeats Moab

Ehud and Shamgar judge in Israel; Period of Amarna letters


 * 2674 AM (1384 BC) Eriba-adad I in Assyria
 * c. 1382 BC - Senuka II in Eth.
 * 2683 AM (1375 BC) Kadashman-enlil 1 in Karanduash
 * c. 1372 BC - Angabo I in Eth.
 * 2699 AM (1359 BC) Burnaburiash 2 in Karanduash
 * 2700 AM (1358 BC) Ashur-uballit I in Assyria
 * 2707 AM (1351 BC) Amarna letter EA 17
 * 2722 AM (1336 BC} Tutankhamen in Egypt
 * 2725 AM (1333 BC) Kadashman-harbe, Nazi-bugu in Karanduash; *2726 AM (1332 BC) Ashur-uballit appoints Kurigalzu II in Karanduash
 * 2731 AM (1327 BC) Ay in Egypt
 * 2735 AM (1323 BC) Enlil-nirani in Assyria; defeats Kurigalzu; Horemheb in Egypt.
 * 2736 AM (1322 BC) Arnuwanda II, Mursili II in Hatti. Miamur, Helena in Eth.
 * 2744 AM (1314 BC) - Arik-den-ili in Assyria
 * 2746 AM (1312 BC) - Jabin of Hazor subjects Israel
 * c. 1311 BC - Zagdur I in Eth.
 * 2751 AM (1307 BC) Nazi-marutash in Karanduash
 * 2756 AM (1302 BC) - Adad-nirari I in Assyria
 * 2763 AM (1295 BC) Ramses I in Egypt; Muwatalli II in Hatti
 * 2764 AM (1294 BC) Seti I in Egypt
 * 2766 AM (1292 BC) - Deborah and Barak of Israel defeat Hazor
 * 2777 AM (1281 BC) Adad-nirari defeats Nazi-marutash. Kadashman-turgu in Karanduash
 * 2780 AM (1278 BC) Battle of Kadesh
 * c. 1271 BC - Herhator II in Eth.
 * 2788 AM (1270 BC) Shalmaneser I in Assyria
 * 2789 AM (1269 BC) Hattushili III in Hatti
 * 2794 AM (1264 BC) Kadashman-enlil II in Karanduash; Shalmaneser sacks Mitanni.
 * 2803 AM (1255 BC) Kudur-enlil in Karanduash
 * 2806 AM (1252 BC) - Midian subjects Israel
 * 2813 AM (1245 BC) Shagarakti-shuriash in Karanduash
 * 2813 AM (1245 BC) - Gideon of Israel defeats Midian
 * 2817 AM (1241 BC) - Tukulti-ninurta I in Assyria; Tudhaliya IV in Hatti; Herhator III in Eth.
 * c. 1240 BC - Akate in Eth.
 * 2826 AM (1232 BC) Kashtiliash 4 in Karanduash
 * 2833 AM (1225 BC) Tukulti-ninurta defeats Karanduash; places Enlil-nadin-shum viceroy in Karanduash (Tuk 19)
 * 2834 AM (1224 BC) Kadashman-harbe 2, viceroy in Karanduash
 * 2836 AM (1222 BC) Adad-shum-idina viceroy in Karanduash
 * c. 1220 - Titon Satio in Eth.
 * 2842 AM (1216 BC) Adad-shum-usur in Karanduash; Merenptah in Egypt
 * c. 1210 BC - Hermantu, Amenemhet II in Eth.
 * 2849 AM (1209 BC) Arnuwanda 3 in Hatti
 * 2851 AM (1207 BC) - Seti II in Egypt; Supiluliuma II in Hatti
 * 2853 AM (1205 BC) - Ashur-nadin-apli in Assyria; King Abimilech of Israel; Konsab I in Eth.
 * 2856 AM (1202 BC) - Tola judge in Israel
 * 2857 AM (1201 BC) - Ashur-nirari III in Assyria
 * c. 1200 BC - Sannib in Eth.
 * 2862 AM (1196 BC) Enlil-kudurri-usur in Assyria, defeats Karanduash;
 * c. 1195 BC - Senuka III in Eth.
 * 2866 AM (1192 BC) - Ramses III in Egypt
 * 2867 AM (1191 BC) - Ninurta-apal-ekur in Assyria
 * c. 1190 BC - Angabo II in Eth.
 * 2872 AM (1186 BC) - Meli-shipak in Karanduash
 * 2873 AM (1185 BC) - Trojan war; downfall of Hatti
 * 2879 AM (1179 BC) - Jair judge in Israel;
 * 2880 AM (1178 BC) - Ashur-dan I in Assyria
 * 2887 AM (1171 BC) - Marduk-apla-idina in Karanduash
 * 2897 AM (1161 BC) - Ramses IV in Egypt
 * 2900 AM (1158 BC) - Zababa-shum-idina in Karanduash
 * 2901 AM (1157 BC) - Enlil-nadin-ahe in Karanduash
 * 2901 AM (1157 BC) - Ammonites, Philistines subject Israel
 * 2903 AM (1155 BC) - Kassites overthrown by Shutruk-Nahunte of Elam
 * 2904 AM (1154 BC) - Ramses 5 in Egypt; Marduk-kabit-ahesu in Babylon
 * 2907 AM (1151 BC) - Ramses 6 in Egypt
 * c. 1150 BC - Amen Astate in Eth.
 * 2914 AM (1144 BC) - Ramses 7 in Egypt
 * 2918 AM (1140 BC) - Iti-Marduk-Belatu in Babylon
 * 2919 AM (1139 BC) - Jepthah of Israel defeats Ammonites
 * 2921 AM (1137 BC) - Ramses 8, 9 in Egypt
 * 2925 AM (1133 BC) - Ibzan of Israel; Ninurta-tukulti-asshur, Muttakil-Nusku in Assyria
 * 2926 AM (1132 BC) - Ashur-resh-ishi in Assyria; Ninurta-nadin-shumi in Babylon
 * 2932 AM (1126 BC) - Nebuchadnezzar I in Babylon
 * 2933 AM (1125 BC) - Elon of Israel
 * c. 1120 BC - Herhor in Eth.
 * 2939 AM (1119 BC) - Ramses 10 in Egypt
 * 2942 AM (1116 BC) - Ramses 11 in Egypt
 * 2943 AM (1115 BC) - Abdon of Israel
 * 2944 AM (1114 BC) - Tiglath-Pileser I in Assyria
 * 2951 AM (1107 BC) - Philistines subject Israel under Samson
 * 2954 AM (1104 BC) - Enlil-nadin-apli in Babylon; Wiyankihi in Eth.
 * 2958 AM (1100 BC) - Marduk-nadin-ahhe in Babylon
 * c. 1095 BC - Pinotsem I in Eth.
 * 2971 AM (1087 BC) - Israel under Eli, still trib. to Philistines
 * 2976 AM (1082 BC) - Marduk-shapik-zeri in Babylon
 * c. 1078 BC - Pinotsem II in Eth.
 * 2983 AM (1075 BC) - Ashared-apil-ekur in Assyria
 * 2985 AM (1073 BC) - Ashur-bel-kala in Assyria
 * 2996 AM (1068 BC) - Philistines capture Ark
 * 2997 AM (1067 BC) - Samuel defeats Philistines; Ark moves to Kiryat
 * 2993 AM (1065 BC) - Adad-apla-iddina in Babylon
 * 3003 AM (1055 BC) - Eriba-adad 2 in Assyria
 * 3005 AM (1053 BC) - Shamshi-adad 4 in Assyria
 * 3009 AM (1049 BC) - Ashurnasirpal I in Assyria
 * 3011 AM (1047 BC) - King Saul of Israel; Marduk-ahhe-eriba in Babylon
 * 3012 AM (1046 BC) - Marduk-zer-... in Babylon
 * c. 1037 BC - Massaherta in Eth.
 * 3024 AM (1034 BC) - Nabu-shum-libur in Babylon
 * 3028 AM (1030 BC) - Shalmaneser II in Babylon
 * 3032 AM (1026 BC) - Sunbar-shipak in Babylon
 * c. 1021 BC - Ramenkopern in Eth.
 * 3040 AM (1018 BC) - Ashur-nirari 4 in Assyria
 * 3046 AM (1012 BC) - Ashur-rabi II in Assyria
 * 3049 AM (1009 BC) - Osorkhon in Egypt
 * 3050 AM (1008 BC - Ea-mukin-zeri in Babylon
 * 3051 AM (1007 BC) - David king in Hebron; Kassu-nadin-ahhe in Babylon; Pinotsem III in Eth.
 * 3053 AM (1005 BC) - Eulma-shakin-shumi in Babylon
 * 3058 AM (1000 BC) - David king in Jerusalem; Sabi IV in Eth.
 * c. 990 BC - Twasaya Dews in Eth.
 * 3070 AM (988 BC) - Ninurta-kudurri-usur 1 in Babylon
 * 3073 AM (985 BC) - Siriki-shuqamuna in Babylon
 * 3074 AM (984 BC) - Mar-biti-apla-usur in Babylon
 * 3079 AM (979 BC) - Nabu-mukin-apli in Babylon
 * c. 977 BC - Q. Makeda in Eth.
 * 3087 AM (971 BC) - Ashur-resh-ishi II in Assyria
 * 3091 AM (967 BC) - Solomon of Israel
 * 3092 AM (966 BC) - Tiglath-pileser II in Assyria
 * 3094 AM (964 BC) - Temple built
 * 3099 AM (959 BC) - Orsokhon I in Egypt
 * c. 946 BC - Minelik I in Eth.
 * 3115 AM (943 BC) - Nimurta-kudurri-usur 2 in Babylon
 * 3116 AM (942 BC) - Mar-biti-ahhe-idin in Babylon
 * 3124 AM (934 BC) - Ashur-dan II in Assyria
 * 3130 AM (928 BC) - Rehoboam, Jeroboam
 * 3134 AM (924 BC) - Sheshank II in Egypt
 * 3136 AM (922 BC) - Takelot I in Egypt
 * c. 3144 AM (c. 914 BC) - Shamash-mudammiq in Babylon
 * 3147 AM (911 BC - Adad-Nirari II in Assyria
 * 3147 AM (911 BC) - Abijam in Judah
 * 3149 AM (909 BC) - Asa in Judah; Osorkhon II in Egypt
 * 3150 AM (908 BC) - Nadab in Israel
 * 3151 AM (907 BC) - Baasha in Israel
 * 3159 AM (899 BC) - Nabu-shum-ukin in Babylon
 * 3168 AM (890 BC) - Tikulti-Ninurta II in Assyria
 * 3171 AM (887 BC) - Nabu-apla-iddina in Babylon
 * 3174 AM (884 BC) - Elah in Israel
 * 3175 AM (883 BC) - Zimri; Tibni vs. Omri in Israel. Ashurnasirpal II in Assyria.
 * 3179 AM (879 BC) - Omri alone in Israel
 * 3186 AM (872 BC) - Ahab in Israel
 * 3189 AM (869 BC) - Jehoshaphat in Judah
 * 3193 AM (865 BC) - Takelot II in Egypt
 * 3200 AM (858 BC) - Shalmaneser 3 in Assyria
 * 3204 AM (854 BC) - Marduk-zakir-shumi I in Babylon
 * 3205 AM (853 BC) - Ahab fights Shalmaneser 3 of Assyria, dies fighting Ben-Hadad of Aram and is succeeded by Ahaziah in Israel
 * 3206 AM (852 BC) - Joram in Israel
 * 3210 AM (848 BC) - Jehoram in Judah
 * 3217 AM (841 BC) - Ahaziah, Athaliah in Judah; Jehu in Israel, pays tribute to Shalmaneser 3
 * 3223 AM (835 BC) - Joash in Judah
 * 3235 AM (823 BC) - Shamshi-adad 5 in Assyria
 * 3240 AM (818 BC) - Marduk-balassu-iqbi in Babylon
 * 3244 AM (814 BC) - Joahaz in Israel
 * 3246 AM (812 BC) - Baba-ah-idina in Babylon
 * 3248 AM (810 BC) - Adad-nerari III in Assyria
 * 3258 AM (800 BC) - Joash in Israel (not the same); Sheshank 4 in Egypt
 * 3259 AM (799 BC) - Amaziah in Judah
 * 3273 AM (785 BC) - Jeroboam 2 in Israel
 * 3276 AM (782 BC) - Shalmaneser 4 in Assyria; Sheshank 5 in Egypt
 * 3286 AM (772 BC) - Ashur-dan 3 in Assyria
 * 3287 AM (771 BC) - Azariah in Judah
 * 3298 AM (760 BC) - Nabu-shum-ishkun in Babylon
 * 3310 AM (748 BC) - Zechariah in Israel
 * 3311 AM (747 BC) - Shallum, Menahem in Israel; Nabonassar in Babylon
 * 3313 AM (745 BC) - Tiglath-pileser III in Assyria
 * 3320 AM (738 BC) - Menahem pays tribute to Tiglath-Pilesar 3 of Assyria; Pekahiah succeeds him in Israel
 * 3321 AM (737 BC) - Pekah in Israel
 * 3322 AM (736 BC) - Jotham in Judah
 * 3323 AM (735 BC) - Ahaz in Judah
 * 3325 AM (733 BC) - Nabu-nadin-zeri in Babylon
 * 3326 AM (732 BC) - Hoshea in Israel
 * 3327 AM (731 BC) - Nabu-mukin-zeri in Babylon
 * 3332 AM (726 BC) - Shalmaneser 5 in Assyria; Ululayu in Babylon
 * 3337 AM (721 BC) - Sargon of Assyria defeats Israel, takes Samaria