Cervical Conization or LEEP - Indications and Complications

Indications:

 * 1) Moderate or severe cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2, CIN 3)
 * 2) Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
 * 3) Discrepancy between Pap smear and colposcopic direct biopsy (e.g. HGSIL PAP but biopsy inflammation)
 * 4) Extent of lesion into cervical canal not well visualized

Complications

 * 1) Pain during procedure (office LEEP, laser)
 * 2) Bleeding
 * 3) Intraoperative
 * 4) Postoperative
 * 5) Bladder injury
 * 6) Bowel injury
 * 7) Postoperative cervical infection
 * 8) Cervical stenosis
 * 9) Premature Labor/ cervical incompetence
 * 10) Post operative persistent pain

Complication Prevention

 * 1) Pain during procedure (office LEEP, laser)
 * 2) Bleeding
 * 3) Intraoperative
 * 4) Postoperative
 * 5) Bladder injury
 * 6) Bowel injury
 * 7) Postoperative cervical infection
 * 8) Cervical stenosis
 * 9) Premature Labor/ cervical incompetence
 * 10) Post operative persistent pain