Gun Quarter, Birmingham

The Gun Quarter is the name given to an area of the city of Birmingham, in England, traditionally (and still) associated with the manufacture of firearms and sporting guns. The area is to the north of the city centre, bounded by Steelhouse Lane, Shadwell Street and Loveday Street. In the 1960s part of the gun quarter was demolished, and the area was split in two by the construction of an inner ring road.

17th century
During the early to mid 17th century Birmingham's population numbered only several thousand, the town was home to many foundries and workshops that made a wide variety of metalware, including guns. Sir Richard Newdigate approached manufacturers in the town in 1689 with the notion of supplying the British Government with small arms. It was stressed that they would need to be of high enough calibre to equal the small arms that were imported from abroad. After a successful trial order in 1692, the Government placed its first contract. On 5 January 1693 the "Officers of Ordnance" chose five local firearms manufacturers to initially produce 200 "snaphance musquets" per month over the period of one year, paying 17 shillings per musket, plus 3 shillings per hundredweight for delivery to London.

18th century
At the start of the eighteenth century, gun manufacture was concentrated in the Digbeth area, but fifty years later the trade had moved to the present-day Gun Quarter. Many of the gunsmiths also expanded to less cramped parts of the city - the Gun Quarter is a very small area, and early accounts describe many "higgledy piggledy" houses and factories with different gunshops and gunsmiths residing in close proximity to one another. A commemorative plaque in the Gun Quarter claims that around this time Birmingham was the "foremost arms producer in the world", the town's closest rival being London. By the end of the eighteenth century the Gun Quarter had become a thriving gun manufacturing community. Government viewing rooms were opened in Bagot Street in 1798, employing sixty or seventy people to ensure that guns produced were of the necessary standard for the army. Military use, however, was accompanied by a major market in the Atlantic slave trade. A 1788 Parliamentary report counted over 4,000 gun makers, with 100,000 guns a year going to slave traders. 

19th century
The British Government began to rely heavily upon the skilled gun manufacturers of the town. The Napoleonic Wars required special efforts, and between 1804 and 1817 a total of 1,827,889 muskets, rifles, carbines, and pistols were manufactured for the Government alone. 3,037,644 barrels and 2,879,203 locks were made and then delivered to London for assembly, and around 1,000,000 items were also delivered to the East India Company which fought alongside the British forces. It has been estimated that production of guns and components between 1804 and 1815 averaged more than three quarters of a million items per annum, more than two thirds of England's production during this period.

Birmingham Proof House was built in 1813, then one of only two such proof houses in England, the other being in London. The building was managed by a consortium of the town's gun traders, its purpose being to ensure that the guns manufactured in the area were safe for use. It is still in use.

The number of firms in Birmingham's gun industry was 125 in 1815, 455 in 1829 (two-thirds of these in the Gun Quarter), and by 1868 there were 578 gun firms in the city. The trade employed 2,867 people in 1851, out of a total of 7,731 in the whole of England and Wales.

"Gun-makers" did not usually manufacture the parts for their guns or even assemble them: in keeping with the traditional nature of Birmingham's manufacturing industries, parts were manufactured by independent specialist sub-contractors and assembled by "fabricators" or "setters-up", the "makers" commissioning and marketing the completed guns. In the late 18th and early 19th century barrels were mainly manufactured outside the quarter (in Aston, Deritend, Smethwick and West Bromwich), and locks were mainly sourced from the Black Country, but other parts were usually manufactured and assembled within the Quarter. In the late nineteenth century, Showell's Dictionary of Birmingham listed more than fifty specialist trades involved in gun manufacture, "till late years most of them being carried on under different roofs".

The Crimean War brought much business to the gun makers of Birmingham, and from 1854 to 1864 more than 4,000,000 barrels were proved there. Most military gun stocks were made from walnut, whereas for the cheaper African market common beech was used. During the Crimean War a large saw mill was erected in Turin by a gun maker from the quarter, and nearly a third of a million gun stocks were produced from this source alone.

The Birmingham Small Arms Trade Association had supplied many of the guns during this period, and in 1861 fourteen of these gun smiths formed the Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA).

It is estimated that around 800,000 weapons were shipped from Birmingham to America during the latter's Civil War. One of the main suppliers was William Tranter who supplied revolvers to the Confederate forces. General Custer is known to have owned a Galand and Sommerville .44 revolver, which was faster to load than existing American pistols.

20th century
The outbreak of World War I saw the Government once again approach Birmingham engineering companies with the prospect of arms manufacture, and within a matter of weeks Birmingham and the gun quarter witnessed much preparation for ammunition and gun manufacture. Many of the workers were women due to the enlistment of men into the armed forces.

21st century
There are still several gun manufacturers and traders based in the Gun Quarter. Due to the UK's severely restrictive laws regarding gun ownership, including sporting arms, there is only a small commercial market for firearms in the United Kingdom; consequently, the majority of Birmingham's gun manufacture today is for the air gun sports trade, which first began in the city during the late 19th century.

Gunmakers
Hundreds of gunmakers have existed in Birmingham, some of the better known examples include:


 * Joseph Bentley - shared patents with Webley and Scott.
 * Thomas Bland & Sons - now trading the USA. but still using Birmingham proof for quality assurance.
 * Braendlin and Sommerville - eventually Galand and Sommerville.
 * A A Brown & Sons - Founding member John Joseph Brown, learned his trade at Webley and Scott, B.S.A. and W. W. Greener, the company ceased trading in 2004.
 * Thomas Chambers - originally of Bristol, manufactured in Birmingham from 1753 to 1757 at which point he moved to London.
 * Farmer and Galton - supplied weaponry to the Company of Merchants in Africa.
 * W. W. Greener - Owned the large Prize Gun Works in Loveday street.
 * Thomas Ketland - established in the early 18th century and became one of the largest businesses in the gun quarter.
 * The Kynoch Gun Factory.
 * Parker-Hale - closed down in 2000.
 * William Perry - established in 1778, manufactured brass and silver guns, often marking them with a London tag.
 * Westley Richards.
 * E. Roberts - specialised in walking stick shotguns.
 * William Tranter - founding partner in B.S.A..
 * Webley and Scott - revolver manufacturers.